Bojan Jovanović (w/ Damir Katulić): Survivor Advocacy, Serbian Orthodoxy

Author(s): Scott Douglas Jacobsen

Publication (Outlet/Website): The Good Men Project

Publication Date (yyyy/mm/dd): 2024/10/24

Bojan Jovanović is a Father in the Serbian Orthodox Church, and Damir Katulić is the president of the Association of Christians of Croatia. 

Scott Douglas Jacobsen: Thank you for your patience with me, and for taking the time for this interview today. Often, the media stories on the Catholic Church garner more attention and notoriety. Orthodoxy seems less affected in the public sphere. I do not want to stereotype or portray this inaccurately or unfairly, as the subject matter arouses many emotions and instincts at tension with one another, because of the seriousness of the allegations and the severity of the consequences for churches, communities, priests, and laity: defensiveness, retribution, fear, pity, pain, regret, anger, betrayal, shame, sadness, disillusionment, guilt, helplessness, maybe hope. As my knowledge and experience grows on this topic, I want to relay experiences and views with sensitivity, but with forthrightness, given the deep impact on people’s lives. I will fail at this, but I will continue to aim for this mark in this work. In prior writing, my bias would have been more oriented towards a bias of directed blame against abusive acts within religious institutions without proposal of, or search for, realistic and concrete constructive solutions. Looking back at my younger self, the former emotions in empathy with the experiences of others in pain seems legitimate, while not directing these energies to appropriate formal and grassroots fairness and justice movements was a gap, a failing. I come from the intellectual backgrounds of several non-religious traditions locally and internationally, which colours, therefore potentially biases, the qualitative research into these areas. How have you observed clergy-related abuse manifesting at the local level within the Serbian Orthodox Church?

Bojan Jovanović:  Clergy-related abuse within the Serbian Orthodox Church has been observed in several ways at the local level. Reports often include:

1. Sexual Abuse Allegations: Instances of sexual misconduct by clergy members have emerged, leading to a lack of trust among congregants.
2. Financial Mismanagement: Abuse of power related to financial resources, such as misappropriation of donations or misuse of church funds.
3. Spiritual Abuse: Manipulation of parishioners’ faith for personal gain, including coercive practices and control over congregants’ personal lives.
4. Lack of Accountability: Inadequate responses to complaints, with some cases being covered up or not addressed properly, causing further harm to victims.
5. Community Division: Conflicts within congregations often arise as a result of these abuses, leading to factions and loss of community cohesion.

Efforts to address these issues vary, but many advocate for greater transparency and accountability within the church structure.

Jacobsen: How do the local and national contexts both reflect and differentiate from one another?

Jovanović: The local and national contexts within the Serbian Orthodox Church reflect and differentiate from one another in several key ways:

Reflection:

1. Cultural Traditions: Both levels share deep-rooted cultural and religious traditions that shape practices and beliefs. Local communities often preserve specific customs that align with national church teachings.
2. Hierarchical Structure: The local parishes operate under the broader national church hierarchy, maintaining a unified doctrinal stance and organizational framework.
3. Shared Challenges: Issues like clergy misconduct or financial mismanagement are often seen at both local and national levels, prompting similar responses or initiatives for reform.

Differentiation:

1. Local Dynamics: Local communities may have unique social, economic, and political conditions that influence their practices and responses to issues. For instance, rural parishes may prioritize different concerns than urban ones.
2. Response to Issues: Local leadership may handle allegations or community conflicts in ways that differ from national policies, leading to varied levels of accountability and transparency.
3. Engagement with Community: Local churches often have closer relationships with their congregants, which can affect how they address community needs and concerns, diverging from the more formal, national approach.
4. Diverse Opinions: While the national church may present a unified front, local congregations can have diverse opinions on theological and social issues, leading to potential tensions between local practices and national directives.

In summary, while the local and national contexts of the Serbian Orthodox Church are interconnected, they also exhibit distinct characteristics shaped by their specific environments and community needs.

Jacobsen: What are the challenges to communities in Serbia when addressing abuse allegations against clergy members?

Jovanović: Communities in Serbia face several challenges when addressing abuse allegations against clergy members:

1. Cultural Stigma: There is a strong cultural reverence for clergy, making it difficult for victims to come forward due to fear of backlash or disbelief from the community.
2. Lack of Support Systems: Many communities lack adequate support services for victims, such as counseling or legal assistance, which can deter reporting.
3. Hierarchy and Authority: The hierarchical structure of the church can lead to conflicts of interest, where local leaders may protect clergy members rather than address allegations appropriately.
4. Fear of Isolation: Victims may fear social isolation or ostracism from their community if they speak out against a beloved figure, which can perpetuate silence.
5. Inadequate Church Response: The national church’s slow or insufficient responses to allegations can undermine trust and discourage communities from taking action.
6. Legal and Institutional Barriers: Navigating legal processes can be complex, and there may be a lack of clear mechanisms for reporting abuse within the church.
7. Historical Context: Past experiences with authority and distrust in institutions can lead to skepticism about the efficacy of reporting mechanisms.

These challenges can create an environment where abuse remains unaddressed, further complicating the path to justice for victims.

Jacobsen: How does the Serbian Orthodox Church’s approach to handling abuse cases compare with other national religious institutions in the region?

Jovanović: The Serbian Orthodox Church’s approach to handling abuse cases has several distinctive features when compared to other national religious institutions in the region:

Similarities:

1. Hierarchical Structures: Like many religious institutions in the region, the Serbian Orthodox Church operates under a hierarchical structure that can complicate accountability and transparency.
2. Cultural Sensitivity: Many religious organizations in the region grapple with cultural stigmas surrounding abuse, which can lead to reluctance in reporting and addressing allegations.
3. Community Relations: Similar to other institutions, local communities often prioritize maintaining their relationships with clergy, leading to underreporting of abuse cases.

Differences:

1. Public Response: The Serbian Orthodox Church has faced criticism for its slow or inadequate response to allegations, while some other religious institutions may have adopted more proactive measures, including public apologies and commitments to reform.
2. Institutional Reform: Other religious organizations in the region may have established clearer protocols for handling abuse cases, such as independent review boards or mandatory reporting policies, which the Serbian Orthodox Church has been slower to implement.
3. Victim Support: Some institutions have developed robust support systems for victims, including counseling and advocacy services, which may not be as developed within the Serbian Orthodox Church.
4. Engagement with Authorities: The willingness to collaborate with civil authorities can vary. Some religious institutions may have more established partnerships with law enforcement, while the Serbian Orthodox Church has historically been more insular in handling cases internally.

Conclusion:

Overall, while there are some common challenges across religious institutions in the region, the Serbian Orthodox Church’s approach to abuse allegations can differ significantly in terms of responsiveness, victim support, and institutional reform. These differences can impact the effectiveness of addressing abuse and fostering trust within communities.

Jacobsen: Can you discuss the impact of clergy-related abuse scandals on public trust in religious institutions in Serbia and neighboring countries?

Jovanović: Clergy-related abuse scandals have significantly impacted public trust in religious institutions in Serbia and neighboring countries in several ways:

Erosion of Trust

1. Loss of Credibility: Scandals undermine the perceived integrity of religious leaders, leading to a general loss of credibility for the institutions they represent. Many congregants begin to question the moral authority of their religious leaders.
2. Disillusionment Among Faithful: Long-standing members may feel betrayed, causing disillusionment with the church and a decline in regular attendance or participation in religious activities.
3. Increased Skepticism: Communities may become more skeptical of religious teachings and practices, particularly regarding ethical behavior and accountability within the church.

Community Division

1. Polarization: Scandals can create divisions within communities, with some members defending the clergy and others calling for accountability and reform. This polarization can weaken community cohesion.
2. Fear of Reporting: Victims may feel discouraged from coming forward due to a perceived lack of support or fear of ostracism, further perpetuating a culture of silence.

Social and Political Repercussions

1. Demand for Reform: Increased awareness of abuse scandals often leads to calls for institutional reform, including better oversight mechanisms and clearer reporting procedures for allegations.
2. Public Discourse: These scandals can shift public discourse about the role of religion in society, prompting discussions about accountability, transparency, and the need for reform in religious institutions.

Comparative Impact in Neighboring Countries

1. Similar Trends: Neighboring countries may experience similar declines in trust, especially if their religious institutions face comparable scandals. The impact can be magnified if media coverage highlights systemic issues.
2. Cultural Differences: The degree of impact may vary based on cultural attitudes towards religion and authority. In some regions, religious institutions may retain a strong influence despite scandals, while in others, the trust may decline more sharply.

Conclusion

Overall, clergy-related abuse scandals pose significant challenges to public trust in religious institutions in Serbia and neighboring countries. The fallout from these scandals can lead to lasting changes in how communities perceive and engage with their religious leaders, ultimately influencing the role of religion in society.

Jacobsen: What role does the Serbian government play in either addressing or overlooking clergy-related abuse within Orthodoxy?

Jovanović: The Serbian government plays a complex role in addressing or overlooking clergy-related abuse within the Orthodox Church, characterized by several key factors:

Addressing Abuse

1. Legal Framework: The government has established laws that criminalize abuse, including sexual abuse, which can apply to clergy members. These laws create a basis for legal action against offenders.
2. Cooperation with Authorities: In some cases, the government has cooperated with law enforcement to investigate allegations against clergy members, especially when public pressure mounts for accountability.
3. Public Awareness Campaigns: The government may support initiatives aimed at raising awareness about abuse and promoting rights for victims, although this is often influenced by civil society rather than direct government action.

Overlooking Abuse

1. Cultural Sensitivity: The close relationship between the Serbian Orthodox Church and national identity can lead to hesitance in pursuing investigations against clergy, as doing so may be seen as undermining the church’s authority.
2. Political Influence: Religious leaders often hold significant sway in political matters, which can lead to a reluctance to confront or adequately address allegations against clergy members to maintain political stability and support.
3. Lack of Accountability: The government may overlook systemic issues within the church, leading to inadequate responses to abuse allegations. This can be attributed to a desire to avoid conflict with the church and its followers.
4. Historical Context: A history of church-state relations may contribute to a tendency to prioritize religious authority over accountability, leading to a culture where allegations are handled internally rather than through formal legal channels.

Conclusion

In summary, the Serbian government’s role in addressing or overlooking clergy-related abuse within Orthodoxy is multifaceted. While there are legal mechanisms and instances of cooperation, cultural and political factors often lead to a lack of thorough investigation and accountability, creating a challenging environment for victims seeking justice.

Jacobsen: How have international organizations and the global community responded to allegations of abuse within the Serbian Orthodox Church?

Jovanović: International organizations and the global community have responded to allegations of abuse within the Serbian Orthodox Church in several ways:

Advocacy and Pressure

1. Human Rights Organizations: Groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have highlighted cases of abuse and called for accountability, urging the Serbian government and the church to take allegations seriously.
2. Public Statements: Various international bodies, including the European Union, have made public statements emphasizing the importance of addressing abuse allegations within religious institutions and ensuring the protection of victims’ rights.

Monitoring and Reporting

1. Regular Monitoring: International organizations often monitor the situation regarding religious freedoms and abuses within various countries, including Serbia. Reports may include sections on the Serbian Orthodox Church and its handling of abuse cases.
2. Investigative Reports: Some organizations produce detailed reports on the state of religious institutions, assessing their responses to abuse allegations and providing recommendations for improvement.

Support for Victims

1. Resources for Advocacy: International NGOs sometimes provide resources and training for local advocacy groups to support victims and raise awareness about abuse within religious contexts.
2. Networking with Local Groups: International organizations often collaborate with local NGOs and civil society to amplify the voices of victims and push for reforms within the church and the broader society.

Calls for Reform

1. Institutional Recommendations: International bodies may call for the Serbian Orthodox Church to adopt more transparent procedures for handling allegations, including independent investigations and better support for victims.
2. Legal Reforms: Advocacy for stronger legal frameworks to protect victims and ensure accountability for clergy members may also be a focus, pressuring the government to strengthen its legal stance on abuse.

Challenges

1. Cultural Sensitivity: The close ties between the church and national identity can make international advocacy challenging, as local sentiments may resist perceived external interference in religious affairs.
2. Limited Impact: The effectiveness of international responses can be limited by the church’s internal dynamics and the political context within Serbia, which may prioritize maintaining stability over addressing allegations.

Conclusion

Overall, international organizations and the global community have taken steps to respond to allegations of abuse within the Serbian Orthodox Church, advocating for accountability and reform. However, the interplay of cultural, political, and religious factors can complicate these efforts and affect their outcomes.

Jacobsen: Are there global patterns in how religious institutions handle abuse allegations, and where does the Serbian Orthodox Church fit within this international context? Professor David Pooler in the United States has noted consistencies to me. 

Damir Katulić: In principle one can talk about the global patterns of how religious institutions (meaning not just churches pertain to Christian religion but a religion institutions in general) handle abuse allegations. It is almost like the model of 5 stages of grief. The first reaction is usually a denial. But after firm evidence is presented then we are witnessing the anger of the religious institutions, their bargaining with the legal and public domains, and in most cases acceptance in the form of the court settlements. Since institutions can not been depressed, we are lacking this part of the grief model. Anyhow, this process is in direct correlation with the size of the religion’s institution; the bigger the institution, the condemnation of the abuse is more rapid and wide.

What is special about Serbian Orthodox Church in this model is that SPC is lacking the universal character of the religion institution, and it is deeply intertwined with the political agenda of the Serbian state. Therefore, the whole process of dealing with the abuse problem is suspended in the step one because the Serbian state doesn’t allow that the information of the abuses becomes public and when it against all odds does, state uses its institutions (including the state-controlled media) to suppress it. 

This practice makes the handling of the abuse issues in the SPC extremely hard and very often quite dangerous.

Jacobsen: What lessons can be drawn from international cases of clergy-related abuse that might help address these issues within Serbia?

Katulić: To really deal with the issue of clergy-related abuse within the SPC this problem has to become international so that a Serbian state loses its mechanism to suppress it from the public domain. The more countries, non-governmental institutions and publicly acclaimed individuals are aware of this problem and talk about it openly, it would be immensely harder to conceal this issue within the corridors of power in Serbia and SPC as a main perpetrator. 

So, the main lesson would be to internationalize the abuse cases that happen within the SPC and then it will be dealt with like the other similar cases in the last couple of decades around the world.

Jacobsen: How does collaboration with regional experts like Mr. Ivan Valek enhance understanding and action against clergy-related abuse in the Balkans?

Katulić: Mr. Ivan Valek is really a well-educated expert in this field that invested decades of his life exploring this topic. His expertise can be really helpful not just because he has a deep understanding of this problem, but he possesses a broad knowledge of a historical concept related to the religion issues in the region of the Balkans. Therefore, whoever would like to expand and enhance its understanding of this topics should, in some form, have a contact and conversation with Mr. Valek.

Jacobsen: What importance does cross-border cooperation hold in effectively tackling clergy-related abuse at both national and regional levels?

Jovanović: Cross-border cooperation is crucial in effectively tackling clergy-related abuse at both national and regional levels for several reasons:

1. Shared Best Practices

Exchange of Information: Countries can share successful strategies and protocols for addressing abuse cases, enhancing overall effectiveness in handling allegations.

Training Programs: Joint training initiatives can equip clergy and lay leaders with the necessary skills to recognize and respond to abuse.

2. Strengthening Legal Frameworks

Harmonization of Laws: Collaborative efforts can lead to more consistent legal standards and practices regarding abuse across borders, making it harder for perpetrators to evade justice by relocating.

Mutual Legal Assistance: Countries can support each other in prosecuting offenders who may flee to another jurisdiction.

3. Victim Support and Advocacy

Cross-border Networks: Establishing networks among NGOs and support organizations can provide victims with resources and assistance regardless of where they are located.

Awareness Campaigns: Collaborative campaigns can raise awareness about abuse and available support services, fostering a culture of accountability.

4. Joint Investigations

Pooling Resources: Collaborative investigations can be more effective, pooling resources and expertise to address complex cases that cross national boundaries.

Sharing Intelligence: Law enforcement agencies can share intelligence and evidence, facilitating more thorough investigations.

5. Cultural Sensitivity and Understanding

Regional Context: Understanding the cultural dynamics and sensitivities of different countries can improve the effectiveness of interventions and responses to abuse allegations.

Building Trust: Cross-border partnerships can foster trust between countries, communities, and religious institutions, essential for effectively addressing abuse.

6. Strengthening Institutional Accountability

Joint Oversight Bodies: Establishing regional oversight bodies can ensure consistent monitoring and accountability for religious institutions across borders.

Encouraging Transparency: Collaborative efforts can promote transparency in how allegations are handled, making it easier to hold institutions accountable.

Conclusion

Cross-border cooperation is vital in addressing clergy-related abuse, as it enhances legal frameworks, supports victims, fosters shared knowledge, and strengthens institutional accountability. By working together, countries can create a more effective response to abuse that transcends national boundaries, ultimately protecting vulnerable individuals and fostering a culture of accountability within religious institutions.

Jacobsen: What has been the hoped-for impact through promoting your updated book at the International Book Fair in Montenegro?

Jovanović: Promoting an updated book at the International Book Fair in Montenegro aims to achieve several hoped-for impacts:

1. Increased Visibility

Broader Reach: The fair provides an opportunity to reach a diverse audience, including readers, publishers, and literary agents, enhancing the book’s visibility in the market.

2. Engagement with Readers

Direct Interaction: Engaging with readers allows for firsthand feedback, fostering a connection that can lead to increased interest and sales.

3. Networking Opportunities

Collaborations: The event facilitates networking with other authors, publishers, and industry professionals, potentially leading to future collaborations and partnerships.

4. Cultural Exchange

Promoting Dialogue: Showcasing the book can stimulate discussions about its themes, contributing to cultural exchange and dialogue within the literary community.

5. Strengthening Literary Community

Supporting Local Authors: Participation in the fair highlights the importance of local literature, helping to strengthen the overall literary community in Montenegro.

6. Sales and Distribution

Increased Sales: The fair provides a platform for direct sales, potentially boosting initial sales figures and establishing distribution channels.

7. Feedback for Future Works

Valuable Insights: Feedback received during the fair can inform future writing projects and marketing strategies, helping to refine the author’s approach.

Conclusion

Overall, promoting the updated book at the International Book Fair in Montenegro is expected to enhance visibility, foster engagement, and contribute to the broader literary landscape, ultimately supporting the author’s career and the promotion of literature in the region.

Jacobsen: How has media coverage at different levels influenced public perception and institutional responses to clergy-related abuse in Serbia?

Jovanović: Media coverage at different levels has significantly influenced public perception and institutional responses to clergy-related abuse in Serbia in several ways:

1. Shaping Public Awareness

Raising Awareness: Media reports have brought attention to instances of clergy-related abuse, informing the public about the issues and prompting discussions that may have previously been suppressed.

Highlighting Victims’ Stories: By sharing personal accounts from victims, the media has humanized the issue, making it more relatable and fostering empathy among the public.

2. Influencing Public Opinion

Framing the Narrative: The way media outlets frame the narrative around abuse can shape public opinion, either by emphasizing accountability and justice or by downplaying the severity of the allegations.

Creating Outrage or Support: Intense media coverage can lead to public outrage, pressuring institutions to respond more decisively to allegations. Conversely, favorable coverage can create a protective atmosphere for the church.

3. Impacting Institutional Responses

Accountability Pressure: Media scrutiny can compel institutions, including the Serbian Orthodox Church and the government, to take allegations more seriously and implement reforms to address systemic issues.

Response Strategies: Institutions may adopt different strategies in response to media coverage—either reinforcing their positions or making public commitments to transparency and accountability based on the coverage.

4. Regional and International Influence

Comparative Analysis: Coverage may draw comparisons with how similar cases are handled in other countries, influencing public expectations regarding accountability and institutional reforms.

Global Awareness: International media attention can amplify local issues, prompting both public and institutional responses that align with global human rights standards.

5. Encouraging Dialogue and Reform

Facilitating Conversations: Media coverage can encourage broader societal conversations about the role of religion, authority, and accountability, potentially leading to demands for reform.

Inspiring Activism: Increased awareness and public interest can mobilize civil society organizations and activists to advocate for victims’ rights and institutional change.

Conclusion

In summary, media coverage at various levels has played a crucial role in shaping public perception and influencing institutional responses to clergy-related abuse in Serbia. By raising awareness, framing narratives, and applying pressure for accountability, the media has the potential to foster significant change within both religious institutions and broader societal attitudes.

Jacobsen: How might international human rights frameworks be applied to address clergy-related abuse within the Serbian Orthodox Church?

Jovanović: International human rights frameworks can be applied to address clergy-related abuse within the Serbian Orthodox Church in several key ways:

1. Legal Obligations and Accountability

Ratification of Treaties: Serbia is a party to various international human rights treaties, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. These treaties obligate the state to protect individuals from abuse and ensure accountability.

Incorporation into Domestic Law: The principles of these treaties can be integrated into national legislation, requiring the Serbian government to establish legal mechanisms that address clergy-related abuse effectively.

2. Protection of Victims’ Rights

Access to Justice: International frameworks emphasize the right of victims to seek justice and redress. Implementing these rights can empower victims of clergy-related abuse to come forward and report incidents without fear of reprisal.

Support Services: Frameworks can guide the development of support services for victims, including counseling, legal assistance, and safe reporting mechanisms.

3. Monitoring and Reporting Mechanisms

Independent Oversight: Establishing independent bodies to monitor cases of abuse within religious institutions can ensure transparency and accountability. International human rights bodies often recommend the creation of such mechanisms.

Regular Reporting: Countries are encouraged to report on their compliance with human rights obligations. This can include data on abuse cases within religious institutions, fostering accountability and public awareness.

4. Training and Capacity Building

Education for Clergy and Officials: International human rights frameworks can promote training programs for clergy, church officials, and law enforcement on recognizing, preventing, and responding to abuse.

Best Practices: Sharing best practices from other countries that have successfully addressed similar issues can guide reforms within the Serbian Orthodox Church.

5. Encouraging Collaboration with Civil Society

Partnerships with NGOs: International frameworks can encourage collaboration between the church, the government, and civil society organizations to address abuse comprehensively.

Community Engagement: Involving communities in discussions about clergy-related abuse can help raise awareness and promote a culture of accountability within religious institutions.

6. Advocacy for Institutional Reforms

Policy Recommendations: Human rights bodies can provide recommendations for reforms within the Serbian Orthodox Church, such as establishing clear reporting procedures for abuse and creating transparent investigative processes.

Accountability for Leadership: Advocating for accountability measures for church leaders who fail to address allegations of abuse can promote a culture of responsibility.

Conclusion

By applying international human rights frameworks, Serbia can enhance its approach to addressing clergy-related abuse within the Serbian Orthodox Church. This includes ensuring legal accountability, protecting victims’ rights, fostering transparency, and promoting collaboration with civil society, ultimately contributing to a safer and more accountable environment within religious institutions.

Jacobsen: What are the legal and institutional barriers at the national level that hinder effective prosecution of abuse cases involving clergy?

Jovanović: The legal and institutional barriers at the national level that hinder effective prosecution of abuse cases involving clergy can include:

1. Weak Legal Framework

Insufficient Laws: Existing laws may not adequately address clergy-related abuse, leaving gaps that can be exploited by perpetrators.

Statute of Limitations: In many jurisdictions, the statute of limitations may be too short, preventing the prosecution of cases that come to light after a significant delay.

2. Institutional Protection

Clerical Privilege: Some legal systems may afford clergy special protections or privileges, making it more difficult to prosecute them compared to lay individuals.

Internal Church Investigations: Many religious institutions may prefer to handle allegations internally, often resulting in inadequate investigations and lack of accountability.

3. Cultural and Social Factors

Religious Influence: The strong influence of religious institutions in society can lead to reluctance among victims to come forward due to fear of stigmatization or retribution.

Public Sentiment: Societal attitudes that prioritize the reputation of the church over justice for victims can hinder reporting and prosecution.

4. Lack of Resources and Training

Inadequate Training for Law Enforcement: Police and legal personnel may lack specific training on handling abuse cases involving clergy, leading to mishandling of investigations.

Limited Resources: Financial and human resources for investigating and prosecuting such cases may be insufficient, affecting the overall efficacy of the legal process.

5. Judicial Bias

Perceived Bias: There may be a perceived or actual bias within the judicial system favoring religious institutions, leading to reluctance to prosecute cases against clergy.

Fear of Community Reaction: Judges and prosecutors might fear backlash from religious communities, which could influence their decisions regarding prosecution.

6. Victim Support Deficiencies

Lack of Support Services: Insufficient victim support services can deter individuals from coming forward, as they may feel unsupported in navigating the legal system.

Trauma and Stigma: The trauma associated with abuse, coupled with societal stigma, can prevent victims from pursuing legal action.

Conclusion

These barriers create a complex environment that can obstruct justice for victims of clergy-related abuse. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive legal reforms, enhanced training for law enforcement, better support for victims, and cultural shifts that prioritize accountability and transparency.

Jacobsen: How does the culture of silence at the local level affect efforts to expose and prevent abuse? What can break this culture?

Jovanović: The culture of silence at the local level significantly affects efforts to expose and prevent abuse in several ways:

1. Hindrance to Reporting

Fear of Retaliation: Victims and witnesses may fear reprisals from the community or the church, deterring them from coming forward.

Stigma: There may be societal stigma attached to reporting abuse, particularly in religious contexts, which can silence victims and supporters.

2. Normalization of Abuse

Cultural Acceptance: If abuse is seen as a normal part of the religious or community environment, it becomes more difficult to challenge and address.

Minimization of Issues: Community narratives may downplay the severity of abuse, leading to a lack of urgency in addressing the problem.

3. Lack of Support Systems

Insufficient Resources: Communities may lack adequate support services for victims, further entrenching silence.

Limited Awareness: There may be a lack of awareness about the rights of victims and the mechanisms available for reporting abuse.

4. Institutional Protectionism

Covering Up: Religious institutions may prioritize their reputation over accountability, leading to internal cover-ups rather than external reporting.

Inadequate Responses: Institutions may have inadequate procedures for handling allegations, reinforcing the culture of silence.

What Can Break This Culture?

1. Education and Awareness Campaigns

Public Education: Increasing awareness about abuse and its effects can empower victims and the community to speak out.

Training Programs: Offering training on rights and available resources can help dismantle the stigma associated with reporting.

2. Supportive Environment

Creating Safe Spaces: Establishing confidential reporting mechanisms can encourage victims to come forward without fear of exposure.

Community Support Groups: Fostering supportive networks for victims can help them feel less isolated and more empowered to speak out.

3. Engagement of Community Leaders

Involvement of Influential Figures: Engaging respected community and religious leaders in discussions about abuse can lend credibility to efforts to break the silence.

Public Statements: Leaders can make public statements denouncing abuse, reinforcing a culture of accountability.

4. Legal and Institutional Reforms

Strengthening Legal Frameworks: Implementing laws that protect whistleblowers and provide clear reporting pathways can encourage more individuals to come forward.

Accountability Mechanisms: Establishing independent oversight bodies can ensure that allegations are taken seriously and investigated thoroughly.

5. Advocacy and Activism

Grassroots Movements: Supporting grassroots initiatives that advocate for victims’ rights can create pressure for change at both the community and institutional levels.

Coalitions: Forming coalitions among NGOs, activists, and community members can amplify efforts to expose and prevent abuse.

Conclusion

Breaking the culture of silence requires a multifaceted approach that combines education, support, community engagement, legal reforms, and advocacy. By fostering an environment that prioritizes accountability and victim support, communities can more effectively expose and prevent abuse.

Jacobsen: What are effective ways in which to continue and expand survivor advocacy, so victims can move from survivors to thrivers with appropriate social supports?

Jovanović:  Continuing and expanding survivor advocacy is crucial for helping victims transition from surviving to thriving. Here are effective ways to achieve this:

1. Holistic Support Services

Comprehensive Care: Provide integrated services that address physical, mental, and emotional health, including counseling, medical care, and legal support.

Safe Housing: Ensure access to safe and affordable housing options for survivors to rebuild their lives without fear.

2. Empowerment Programs

Skill Development: Offer vocational training and educational programs to help survivors gain independence and financial stability.

Leadership Opportunities: Encourage survivors to take on leadership roles within advocacy organizations, allowing them to influence policy and support others.

3. Community Engagement

Support Networks: Foster peer support groups where survivors can share experiences and resources, creating a sense of community and belonging.

Awareness Campaigns: Conduct community outreach to educate the public about survivor issues and reduce stigma, fostering a more supportive environment.

4. Advocacy and Policy Change

Lobby for Legal Reforms: Advocate for changes in laws and policies that protect survivors and provide necessary resources.

Partnerships with Organizations: Collaborate with NGOs, government agencies, and other stakeholders to strengthen advocacy efforts and resource availability.

5. Access to Resources

Information Hubs: Create centralized resources where survivors can find information on available services, legal rights, and support systems.

Financial Assistance: Provide grants or funds to help survivors with immediate needs, such as medical bills or educational expenses.

6. Mental Health Support

Trauma-Informed Care: Train service providers in trauma-informed approaches to ensure that survivors feel safe and respected in all interactions.

Crisis Intervention Services: Establish immediate support services for survivors in crisis, including hotlines and emergency counseling.

7. Cultural Competence and Inclusivity

Tailored Programs: Develop services that are culturally sensitive and inclusive of diverse communities, ensuring that all survivors feel represented and understood.

Language Access: Provide resources in multiple languages to accommodate non-native speakers.

8. Monitoring and Evaluation

Feedback Mechanisms: Implement systems for survivors to provide feedback on programs and services, ensuring that their voices shape ongoing advocacy efforts.

Data Collection: Collect and analyze data on survivor needs and outcomes to inform program development and improve service delivery.

9. Long-Term Follow-Up

Continued Support: Establish long-term follow-up services to check in on survivors, ensuring they have ongoing access to resources and support.

Mentorship Programs: Pair survivors with mentors who can guide them through their healing and empowerment journeys.

Conclusion

By implementing these strategies, advocacy efforts can create a supportive framework that empowers survivors, helping them transition from surviving to thriving. Collaboration, comprehensive services, and a focus on empowerment are essential components of this process.

Jacobsen: How do cultural and religious factors unique to Serbia and the Balkans influence the recognition and handling of abuse allegations?

Jovanović:  Cultural and religious factors unique to Serbia and the Balkans significantly influence the recognition and handling of abuse allegations in several ways:

1. Cultural Attitudes Toward Authority

Respect for Authority: There is often a deep-seated respect for authority figures, including clergy, which can lead to reluctance in questioning or reporting allegations against them. This can result in a culture of silence around abuse.

Collective Identity: The importance of community and collective identity may discourage individuals from coming forward, as doing so could bring shame to the community or institution.

2. Religious Influence

Clerical Authority: The Serbian Orthodox Church holds considerable sway in societal norms and values. Allegations against clergy can be seen as attacks on the church itself, leading to defensiveness and denial rather than accountability.

Moral Expectations: Religious teachings often emphasize forgiveness and redemption, which can lead to a tendency to downplay the severity of abuse or to prioritize reconciliation over justice.

3. Stigmatization of Victims

Social Stigma: Victims of abuse may face stigma and isolation, leading to fears of being ostracized by their communities. This can deter reporting and seeking help.

Gender Roles: Traditional gender norms can further complicate the situation, as women may feel pressure to conform to societal expectations that prioritize family unity over individual well-being.

4. Legal and Institutional Framework

Inadequate Legal Protections: The legal system may not fully address the complexities of abuse allegations, particularly within religious contexts, leading to insufficient responses to reported cases.

Internal Church Mechanisms: The tendency for religious institutions to handle allegations internally can result in inadequate investigations and a lack of transparency, reinforcing the culture of silence.

5. Historical Context

Legacy of Conflict: The historical context of the Balkans, including recent conflicts, can affect societal attitudes toward authority and trust in institutions. Distrust in state systems may lead individuals to rely on religious institutions, complicating the response to allegations.

Collective Trauma: The region’s history of trauma can influence how communities respond to individual trauma, often prioritizing collective healing over addressing specific allegations.

6. Community Support Structures

Limited Resources: Support systems for victims may be underdeveloped, making it difficult for individuals to find help or advocacy. Communities may lack access to counseling or legal assistance.

Role of NGOs: While some NGOs work to address these issues, their influence may be limited by cultural and religious norms, making it challenging to advocate for change.

Conclusion

Cultural and religious factors in Serbia and the Balkans create a complex landscape for recognizing and handling abuse allegations. The interplay of authority, stigma, and community dynamics can hinder reporting and accountability. Addressing these challenges requires a nuanced understanding of local contexts, as well as efforts to educate communities and reform institutional responses.

Jacobsen: What are necessary actions for effectively combatting clergy-related abuse in the Serbian Orthodox Church for the long-term?

Jovanović: Effectively combatting clergy-related abuse in the Serbian Orthodox Church for the long term requires a multifaceted approach that includes the following necessary actions:

1. Establishing Transparent Reporting Mechanisms

Independent Reporting Channels: Create confidential and independent channels for victims to report abuse without fear of retaliation.

Clear Protocols: Develop clear procedures for handling allegations that ensure thorough investigations and accountability.

2. Implementing Robust Training Programs

Clergy Training: Provide comprehensive training for clergy on ethical conduct, boundaries, and the impact of abuse.

Educating Congregations: Offer educational programs for congregants about recognizing signs of abuse and the importance of reporting.

3. Strengthening Legal Frameworks

Advocating for Legislative Changes: Work with lawmakers to ensure that legal protections for victims are strengthened and that there are stringent penalties for abusers.

Collaboration with Law Enforcement: Foster partnerships between church leaders and law enforcement to ensure that abuse cases are taken seriously and investigated thoroughly.

4. Creating Support Systems for Survivors

Counseling Services: Establish access to psychological support and counseling for victims of abuse.

Support Networks: Develop peer support groups for survivors to share experiences and healing resources.

5. Promoting a Culture of Accountability

Zero Tolerance Policy: Implement a clear zero-tolerance policy for abuse within the church, emphasizing that all allegations will be taken seriously.

Public Accountability: Encourage public statements from church leaders that condemn abuse and outline the church’s commitment to preventing it.

6. Encouraging Community Engagement

Community Awareness Campaigns: Conduct outreach programs to educate the public on the issue of clergy-related abuse and the importance of supporting victims.

Involving Lay Leaders: Engage lay leaders and members of the congregation in discussions about preventing abuse and promoting a safe environment.

7. Ensuring Transparency and Accountability in Investigations

Independent Oversight Committees: Establish independent committees to oversee investigations of abuse allegations and ensure transparency in the process.

Regular Reporting: Require regular public reports on the church’s handling of abuse allegations to maintain accountability.

8. Fostering a Safe Environment within the Church

Policy Development: Create and enforce policies that promote safe interactions between clergy and congregants, particularly minors.

Regular Audits: Conduct regular audits of church practices and policies related to abuse prevention and response.

9. Encouraging International Cooperation

Learning from Best Practices: Collaborate with international organizations and other religious institutions to adopt best practices for preventing and addressing abuse.

Support from Global Church Bodies: Seek support from global Orthodox church organizations in implementing reforms.

10. Promoting Open Dialogue within the Church

Encouraging Whistleblower Protections: Implement protections for whistleblowers who report misconduct or abuse.

Facilitating Conversations: Create forums for open dialogue about clergy-related issues, allowing congregants to express concerns and propose solutions.

Conclusion

Addressing clergy-related abuse within the Serbian Orthodox Church requires commitment, transparency, and a collaborative approach. By implementing these actions, the church can create a safer environment for its members and foster a culture of accountability and support for victims.

Jacobsen: Thank you for the opportunity and your time, Bojan.

Jovanović: You’re welcome! If you have any more questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask.

Further Internal Resources (Chronological, yyyy/mm/dd):

Historical Articles

Crimes of the Eastern Orthodox Church 1: Adam Metropoulos (2024/01/11)

Crimes of the Eastern Orthodox Church 2: Domestic Violence (2024/01/12)

Crimes of the Eastern Orthodox Church 3: Finances (2024/01/16)

Crimes of the Eastern Orthodox Church 4: Sex Abuse (2024/01/17)

Interviews

Dr. Hermina Nedelescu on Clergy-Perpetrated Sexual Abuse (2024/06/02)

Katherine Archer on California Senate Bill 894 (2024/06/11)

Dorothy Small on Abuse of Adults in the Roman Catholic Church (2024/06/16)

Melanie Sakoda on Orthodox Clergy-Related Misconduct (2024/06/23)

Professor David K. Pooler, Ph.D., LCSW-S on Clergy Adult Sexual Abuse (2024/07/21)

Dr. Hermina Nedelescu & Dorothy Small: Ecumenical Catholic-Orthodox Discourse (2024/07/24)

Professor David K. Pooler, Ph.D., LCSW-S on Consent and Power (2024/08/13)

Irene Deschênes on Outrage Canada (2024/09/05)

Press Releases:

#ChurchToo Survivors Call on CA Governor Gavin Newsom (2024/06/09)

Last updated May 3, 2025. These terms govern all In Sight Publishing content—past, present, and future—and supersede any prior notices. In Sight Publishing by Scott Douglas Jacobsen is licensed under a Creative Commons BY‑NC‑ND 4.0; © In Sight Publishing by Scott Douglas Jacobsen 2012–Present. All trademarks, performances, databases & branding are owned by their rights holders; no use without permission. Unauthorized copying, modification, framing or public communication is prohibited. External links are not endorsed. Cookies & tracking require consent, and data processing complies with PIPEDA & GDPR; no data from children < 13 (COPPA). Content meets WCAG 2.1 AA under the Accessible Canada Act & is preserved in open archival formats with backups. Excerpts & links require full credit & hyperlink; limited quoting under fair-dealing & fair-use. All content is informational; no liability for errors or omissions: Feedback welcome, and verified errors corrected promptly. For permissions or DMCA notices, email: scott.jacobsen2025@gmail.com. Site use is governed by BC laws; content is “as‑is,” liability limited, users indemnify us; moral, performers’ & database sui generis rights reserved.